[Abnormalities of synaptogenesis in autism. Pathogenic and therapeutic implications]. / Alteraciones de la sinaptogenesis en el autismo. Implicaciones etiopatogenicas y terapeuticas.

INTRODUCTION: The social, language, and behavioural problems that occur with autism suggest that this syndrome affects a functionally diverse and widely distributed set of neural systems. AIMS: To review the molecular pathways involved in synaptic growth, development, and stability of human synapses. We also examine the genes implicated in synaptogenesis which have been associated with autism. In particular, we highlight the role of these genes in synaptic cell adhesion, organization of presynaptic and postsynaptic specializations, growth signaling pathways, and endosomal function. DEVELOPMENT: Proper brain function requires stringent balance of excitatory and inhibitory synapse formation during neural circuit assembly. Mutation of genes that normally sculpt and maintain this balance results in severe dysfunction, causing neurodevelopmental disorders including autism, epilepsy, Angelman syndrome, fragile X syndrome, and Rett syndrome. Such mutations may result in defective architectural structuring of synaptic connections, molecular assembly of synapses and/or functional synaptogenesis. CONCLUSIONS: Increased knowledge of abnormal mechanisms of human synaptogenesis may lead to define different etio-pathogenic models of autism and to understand how far abnormal cell/synaptic growth and synaptic function could be reversed.

Alteraciones de la sinaptogénesis en el autismo. Implicaciones etiopatogénicas y terapéuticas / Abnormalities of synaptogenesis in autism. Pathogenic and therapeutic implications

Introducción. Los trastornos de interacción social recíproca, lenguaje y comportamiento que aparecen en el autismo sugieren que este síndrome es la expresión de un trastorno neurobiológico complejo relacionado con la afectación de diversos circuitos neuronales. Objetivos. Revisar las vías moleculares que regulan el crecimiento, desarrollo y estabilidad de las sinapsis, examinar las alteraciones de los genes que modulan la sinaptogénesis en el cerebro autista y repasar principalmente aquellos genes que codifican adhesividad sináptica, organización de estructuras presinápticas y postsinápticas, crecimiento axonal y maduración de los endosomas. Desarrollo. El adecuado balance entre sinapsis excitatorias e inhibidoras es básico durante el desarrollo de los circuitos neuronales. Las mutaciones en los genes que regulan este balance causan diversos trastornos del neurodesarrollo como autismo, epilepsia, síndrome de Angelman, síndrome del cromosoma X frágil y síndrome de Rett. Estas mutaciones van a originar alteraciones en la sinaptogénesis estructural y funcional y en la plasticidad sináptica. Conclusiones. El mejor conocimiento de los mecanismos patológicos de la sinaptogénesis puede permitir definir distintos subtipos de autismo y llegar a conocer si estas anomalías del desarrollo y función de las sinapsis pudieran ser o no reversibles con tratamiento farmacológico (AU)

Introduction. The social, language, and behavioural problems that occur with autism suggest that this syndrome affects a functionally diverse and widely distributed set of neural systems. Aims. To review the molecular pathways involved in synaptic growth, development, and stability of human synapses. We also examine the genes implicated in synaptogenesis which have been associated with autism. In particular, we highlight the role of these genes in synaptic cell adhesion, organization of presynaptic and postsynaptic specializations, growth signaling pathways, and endosomal function. Development. Proper brain function requires stringent balance of excitatory and inhibitory synapse formation during neural circuit assembly. Mutation of genes that normally sculpt and maintain this balance results in severe dysfunction, causing neurodevelopmental disorders including autism, epilepsy, Angelman syndrome, fragile X syndrome, and Rett syndrome. Such mutations may result in defective architectural structuring of synaptic connections, molecular assembly of synapses and/or functional synaptogenesis. Conclusions. Increased knowledge of abnormal mechanisms of human synaptogenesis may lead to define different etiopathogenic models of autism and to understand how far abnormal cell/synaptic growth and synaptic function could be reversed (AU)